How US Federal Government Spending Has Changed Over Time?

In the intricate landscape of national governance, understanding the intricacies of US Federal Government Spending is crucial for every citizen.

The welfare of the United States is seriously influenced by the US Federal Government Spending. It has a consequence in various sectors like the economy, the development of infrastructure, healthcare facilities, and enhanced education system. We will be in a better position to participate in discussions about the direction of our country if we have a greater understanding of how the US government spending functions.

This article's main goal is to explain US Federal Government Spending in detail by condensing complicated ideas into clearly understandable facts. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview, exploring trends, historical context, and the driving factors behind spending decisions.

Introduction to US Federal Government Spending

In the complex tapestry of governance, one of the most pivotal aspects that directly impact the lives of every American is the allocation of funds by the federal government.

• What is Federal Government Spending?

Federal Government Spending essentially refers to the central government's distribution of funds to a wide range of initiatives, programs, and services. This financial commitment is a physical representation of the government's priorities, showing how public money is allocated to advance the objectives and meet the needs of the country.

• How is Federal Spending Allocated?

Federal spending allocation is a multifaceted process. It involves a meticulously crafted budget that outlines how funds are distributed among various federal agencies and programs. These allocations encompass diverse sectors, including healthcare, education, defense, infrastructure, and social welfare. Understanding this allocation process is key to comprehending the government's fiscal strategy and its implications on society.

• What is the National Debt, and how is it Related to Government Spending?

The national debt is a critical concept intertwined with government spending. It represents the cumulative amount of money the federal government has borrowed over time to cover budget deficits—instances where expenses exceed revenue. Government spending, especially when it outpaces revenue collection, contributes to the growth of this debt. Consequently, managing the national debt becomes a pivotal aspect of fiscal policy, as it directly impacts the country's economic stability and future financial commitments.

Understanding Federal Budgets

In the realm of US Federal Government Spending, navigating the intricate landscape of federal budgets is essential. To truly comprehend the nuances of this financial framework, we must explore the following key aspects:

• Budgeting Process

The budgeting process, a complex dance of financial choices that ultimately determines the financial course of the country, is at the center of the issue. A budget proposal, a document outlining the administration's financial priorities for the upcoming fiscal year, is presented by the President to start the trip. In the revered chambers of Congress, this proposal is subjected to thorough examination and revision, ultimately culminating in the adoption of a federal budget.

Understanding the budgeting process unveils the complexities of how taxpayer dollars are allocated, demonstrating the distinctive roles played by each branch of government in crafting a blueprint for the nation's financial future.

• Mandatory vs. Discretionary Spending

Within the federal budget, spending is categorized into two overarching domains: mandatory and discretionary. Mandatory spending encompasses programs and commitments that are predetermined by law, such as Social Security and Medicare. Conversely, discretionary spending covers areas where Congress exercises greater flexibility, including defense, education, and healthcare.

Distinguishing between these spending categories sheds light on the challenges and opportunities inherent in crafting a federal budget that aligns with national priorities while upholding fiscal responsibility.

• Role of Congressional Budget Office (CBO)

An important participant in the budgeting process is the Congressional Budget Office in short CBO. This non-partisan organization works as an information resource, offering Congress priceless analysis and estimates about budgetary issues. With this knowledge, legislators are better equipped to assess the financial effects of proposed laws and policies.

Role of Political Parties on Federal Government Spending

In the tapestry of US Federal Government Spending, political parties play a defining role in charting the course of financial policy.

• Differences in Spending Philosophies between Democrats and Republicans

The different political beliefs adhered to by the two major political parties in the United States—the Democrats and the Republicans—represent one of the most fascinating aspects of federal spending. When it comes to financial objectives, these parties frequently occupy opposite extremes of the spectrum.

Democrats are sometimes thought of as having a more liberal viewpoint and supporting higher spending on social programs, healthcare, education, and environmental efforts. Their ideology strongly emphasizes the use of political action to address societal concerns.

On the other hand, Republicans generally have a more financially conservative stance, emphasizing limited government participation, fewer taxes, and decreased government spending. They contend that less government interference increases economic growth and personal freedom.

• Influence of Third-Party Movements on Government Spending

While Democrats and Republicans dominate the political landscape, third-party movements and independent candidates also play a role in shaping government spending. These movements often arise in response to dissatisfaction with the two major parties' fiscal policies.

Third-party movements may advocate for more radical changes in government spending, pushing for new priorities and reallocating resources. Their influence can be substantial in certain elections, leading to shifts in the fiscal agenda.

How US Federal Government Spending Has Changed Over Time?

Exploring the history of US Federal Government Spending unveils a captivating narrative of fiscal evolution and changing priorities across different eras.

• Government Spending during Early Years (1776-1860)

In the dawn of the United States, the guiding principles were rooted in limited government involvement in citizens' lives. The prevailing sentiment was that the government should play a minimal role in the economy, which translated to relatively modest government expenditures during this era.

However, notable surges in spending occurred during wartime and economic crises. For instance, the War of 1812 and the Mexican-American War prompted significant allocations of funds for military endeavors. Economic downturns, such as the Panic of 1837, compelled the government to initiate relief programs.

Estimated spending during this period was characterized by frugality, with a primary focus on essential functions like defense and diplomacy.

• Federal Government Spending during the Civil War Era (1861-1865)

The Civil War era marked a seismic shift in federal government spending. The conflict necessitated an unparalleled infusion of financial resources, resulting in a substantial increase in expenditures. To finance the war effort, the federal government introduced income taxation, a groundbreaking move in American fiscal history.

During this period, estimated spending soared as the government marshaled resources through methods such as bond issuance and currency printing. The war became the paramount fiscal priority, showcasing the government's ability to mobilize resources during critical times.

• Federal Spending during the Progressive Era (1890-1920)

The Progressive Era witnessed a profound reconfiguration of government spending. Influenced by leaders like Teddy Roosevelt, who championed trust-busting and regulatory reforms, the federal government expanded its role in safeguarding citizens and addressing societal and economic challenges.

Government spending during this era saw a significant uptick to support burgeoning government services and regulatory agencies. Initiatives aimed at enhancing working conditions, safeguarding consumer rights, and improving public health necessitated a broader fiscal footprint.

Estimated spending during this epoch mirrored the evolving landscape of American governance, with the federal government adopting a more proactive stance in promoting social welfare and addressing economic disparities.

• U.S. Government Spending at the Time of New Deal (1933-1939)

In the chronological expanse between 1933 and 1939, a chapter of profound metamorphosis unfolded within the United States. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, compelled by the calamitous grip of the Great Depression, ushered in the New Deal—a visionary tapestry of initiatives meticulously conceived to invigorate the nation's economic vitality and collective morale.

At the epicenter of this transformative epoch resided FDR's unwavering retort to the Great Depression, a period characterized by unparalleled economic tumult. Under his stewardship, the federal government embarked upon an exhaustive strategy, meticulously crafted to extricate the nation from the abyss of desolation.

The New Deal introduced a pioneering notion—the societal safety mesh. This intricate web encompassed an array of programs, including Social Security, unemployment benefits, and public works endeavors. The overarching objective was twofold: to administer succor to those ensnared in the throes of the Depression's anguish and to invigorate the employment landscape, thereby laying the groundwork for enduring economic equilibrium.

The period witnessed a substantial upswing in estimated fiscal disbursements. The government pledged formidable financial reservoirs to buttress the New Deal initiatives, underscoring the administration's resolute commitment to addressing the exigent economic tribulations of its day.

• US Federal Spending during the Post-World War II Era (1945-1960)

The epoch spanning 1945 to 1960 heralded the commencement of a novel era within the United States. As the globe convalesced from the devastations of World War II, the nation encountered both the prospect and the conundrum of reconstruction. This epoch bore witness to a convergence of elements that exerted a profound influence on fiscal disbursements by the government.

The inauguration of the GI Bill stands as a monument to the nation's devotion to its veterans. This momentous legislation proffered scholastic and occupational privileges to the valiant individuals returning from the war. The GI Bill not only metamorphosed the existences of these veterans but also assumed a pivotal role in catalyzing the post-war economic upsurge.

Concurrently, the world embarked on the Cold War, an era typified by global tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. In response to the exigencies of this fresh global order, the United States markedly augmented its military expenditure. The arms race and the geopolitical strains of this epoch precipitated substantial allotments of resources for the country's defense.

Estimated spending during these years exhibited a dynamic mix of investments in veterans' benefits and defense capabilities. It illustrated the unique challenges and opportunities presented by the post-war era, where the nation invested in both its people and its security.

• Federal Expenditure during the 1960s and 1970s

During the tumultuous decades of the 1960s and 1970s, the United States bore witness to a profound metamorphosis in its societal terrain. This epoch marked the advent of the Grand Society initiatives, an expansive array of undertakings meticulously crafted to combat destitution, fortify civil liberties, and augment the general quality of existence. Pivotal initiatives such as Medicare, Medicaid, and Head Start were instituted to redress societal disparities and elevate the well-being of the American populace.

Furthermore, this epoch experienced an upsurge in regulatory measures regarding environmental conservation and consumer safeguarding. Pivotal legislation, including the Clean Air Act and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), bore a testament to the burgeoning governmental role in preserving the ecosystem and upholding the rights of consumers.

Estimated spending during these decades mirrored a strong commitment to social welfare and regulatory reform. Elevating governmental expenditures to finance these pioneering endeavors catalyzed charting the nation's trajectory toward a more just and enduring tomorrow.

• U.S. Government Spending during the New Deal (1933-1939)

The New Deal era, which prevailed from 1933 to 1939, is a thundering praise to President Franklin D. Roosevelt's persistent intention to encounter the Great Depression's devastating basin. Confronted with an unparalleled maelstrom of economic upheaval, FDR orchestrated an expansive array of transformative reforms and interventions to rejuvenate the nation's economic terrain.

Beneath the expansive canopy of the New Deal, the federal administration conducted a vast tapestry of social safety net programs. These endeavors were designed not only to furnish immediate aid but also to catalyze economic recovery while enacting enduring reforms. This era bore witness to a transformative period, punctuated by the inauguration of pioneering initiatives such as Social Security and the Civilian Conservation Corps.

The estimated fiscal expenditure during this time experienced a substantial upsurge as the government allocated prodigious resources to buttress the New Deal endeavors. This underscored the administration's direct dedication to confronting the critical economic alterations of the time.

• US Federal Spending in the Post-World War II Era (1945-1960)

The impact of World War II, spanning from 1945 to 1960, was an intricate interplay of momentous factors combined, imprinting a continuous mark on government expenditures. The emergence of the GI Bill predicted a transformative generation, advancing educational and occupational privileges to the multitudes of war veterans returning from the global conflict. This investment in human intellectual assets assumed a paramount role in catalyzing the post-war economic resurgence, thereby shaping the ideal American aspiration.

Simultaneously, the world found itself trapped in the throes of the Cold War, a period characterized by pervasive global geopolitical tension. In response to burgeoning global difficulties, the United States embarked on substantial allocations towards defense expenditure. This era marked the inauguration of an extended period of military and technological rivalry among the world's preeminent powers.

The estimated disbursements during this age exhibited a dynamic amalgamation of resources directed towards veterans' entitlements and the bolstering of defense capabilities. This emblematic allocation underscored the distinctive challenges and prospects that unfolded in the post-war era.

• US Federal Expenditure during the 1960s and 1970s

During the expansive period spanning the 1960s and 1970s, a distinctive societal landscape unfurled, characterized by the advent of the Great Society initiatives. These initiatives comprised an extensive and meticulously crafted assortment of undertakings, all aimed at combatting the entrenched scourge of poverty, propelling the domain of civil rights forward, and elevating the overall status of social welfare. Notable among these endeavors were Medicare, Medicaid, and Head Start, each instituted with the noble aspiration of rectifying entrenched societal disparities and augmenting the quality of life for the populace of the United States.

Furthermore, this epoch bore witness to a pronounced surge in the realm of environmental conservation and the fortification of consumer protections. Pivotal legislation, most notably the advent of the Clean Air Act and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), underscored the burgeoning involvement of the government in the stewardship of our environment and the unwavering dedication to safeguarding the rights of consumers.

The financial allocations during this period bore testament to an unswerving allegiance to the augmentation of the social welfare framework and the comprehensive overhaul of regulatory paradigms. This culminated in a marked augmentation of governmental disbursements, underscoring the federal administration's pivotal role in the augmentation of the overall welfare and prosperity of the American populace.

• US Government Spending during the Reagan Era (1981-1989)

The epoch of Reagan, encompassing the years from 1981 to 1989, ushered in a profoundly transformative era in American fiscal policy. President Ronald Reagan's doctrine, commonly denominated as "Reaganomics," accorded the utmost precedence to tax abatements as a stratagem to invigorate economic burgeon. These reductions in fiscal impositions were tailored to amplify private-sector investments, kindle the genesis of job opportunities, and enkindle an era of affluence in the economic panorama.

Simultaneously, the era witnessed a significant defense buildup, partly fueled by the arms race with the Soviet Union. This period marked a pivotal juncture as the Cold War, a defining geopolitical struggle of the 20th century, neared its conclusion.

Estimated spending during the Reagan era saw fluctuations. While tax cuts aimed to reduce government revenue, defense spending soared, leading to budget deficits during this period. These deficits became a focal point of fiscal policy discussions.

• US Spending in the Time of 1990s and Early 2000s

The 1990s and early 2000s were marked by two contrasting yet intertwined themes. The Dot-com bubble-fueled economic expansion was notable for its soaring technological investments and stock market euphoria. During this time, the Internet started to become a major economic force.

Concurrently, welfare reform gained traction under President Bill Clinton's leadership. The era witnessed significant changes in social policy, aimed at reducing welfare dependency and promoting self-sufficiency among recipients.

Reported spending during this period fluctuates as a result of upswings and recessions in the American economy.

• US Federal Government Spending in the Post-9/11 Era (2001-Present)

In the post-9/11 epoch, spanning from 2001 to the contemporary moment, the landscape bore witness to tectonic undulations in governmental fiscal allocations. The tragic confluence of events on September 11, 2001, ushered forth the inauguration of the War on Terror, catalyzing a momentous surge in military disbursements. The United States became inexorably enmeshed in hostilities in Afghanistan and Iraq, thereby metamorphosing the nation's stratagems for safeguarding its interests.

Concomitantly, this epoch grappled with formidable economic vicissitudes, most notably the harrowing ordeal of the Great Recession in 2008. The government intervened with stimulus packages and bailout programs to stabilize the economy during this turbulent period.

Estimated spending during this era reflected the demands of wartime commitments and economic recovery efforts, resulting in substantial fiscal commitments.

Key Agencies and Departments for Government Spending

Understanding the complexities surrounding the spending of the United States Federal Government, it is of paramount importance to immerse oneself in the multifaceted array of essential agencies and departments that wield a pivotal influence in the allocation of these fiscal resources. The United States government, in its allocation of resources, spans across a diverse spectrum of domains, and these departments stand as the cornerstone of this distribution process.

• Department of Defense

Department of Defense assumes an unambiguous role as the nation's paramount defender. The unwavering commitment of the country to protect its domestic and international interests finds concrete expression in the staggering allocation of $831.781 billion, as delineated by the Fiscal Year 2024 Defense Appropriations Act. In the sphere of financial allocation, a substantial provision takes shape, encompassing a broad spectrum of disbursements. Government spending on defense aims to update the military, improve the nation's security framework, and recruit fresh talent for the US Defense System.

• Department of Health and Human Services

Health and Human Services (HHS) proposes $144.3 billion in discretionary spending and $1.7 trillion in mandatory spending for the fiscal year 2024 budget proposal. The US government spending contributes significantly to enhancing the welfare of the general public through the funding of healthcare initiatives, innovative research endeavors, and the provision of services designed to advance the physical and societal well-being of American residents. Delving into the intricate distribution of these financial resources unveils the underlying mosaic of public health principles and the foremost priorities of our society.

• Department of Education

President Joe Biden has unveiled an ambitious fiscal vision for the year 2024, earmarking a substantial $90 billion for the U.S. Department of Education. Within this substantial allocation lie provisions for educational institutions, student financial assistance, and various scholastic undertakings. Examining the minute particulars of this distribution can reveal important truths about the country's unwavering dedication to producing knowledgeable and skilled citizens.

• Department of Transportation

In the hierarchy of fiscal allocations, the Department of Transportation claims its place, boasting an approximate financial allotment of $145.3 billion earmarked for the fiscal year 2024. This financial reservoir stands as a linchpin, meticulously preserving and fostering the expanse of our nation's intricate transportation infrastructure. From the sprawling network of highways to the intricate web of airports, this department assumes an indispensable mantle, orchestrating the seamless transit of both populace and commodities throughout the vast expanse of the United States.

Effect of US Federal Government Spending on American Citizens

Government spending has a profound impact on the lives of American citizens in various ways. It plays a pivotal role in shaping the economy, influencing taxation policies, and carrying significant implications when spending levels increase.

• How Does Government Spending Impact The Economy?

Government expenditure wields substantial influence in catalyzing economic expansion and ensuring its stability. When the state allocates resources towards the enhancement of infrastructure, healthcare, education, and other pivotal domains, it engenders employment opportunities, augments consumer expenditure, and nurtures an environment conducive to pioneering breakthroughs. Consequently, this fortifies the overarching economic landscape, culminating in elevated well-being for the populace.

• How Does Government Spending Affect Taxes?

Governmental expenditure and taxation share a complex and intricate relationship. When the governing body opts to augment its disbursements, it invariably finds itself compelled to generate additional income streams, thereby mitigating the financial burden. Consequently, this dynamic often triggers a metamorphosis in the sphere of tax policies. To elucidate, an upsurge in government outlays frequently precipitates an augmentation in levies imposed upon specific strata of income earners or corporate entities, thereby striving to maintain fiscal equilibrium. Conversely, a reduction in public spending may pave the way for tax abatements, subsequently affording the populace greater monetary respite.

• What Are The Implications Of Increasing Government Spending?

The augmentation of governmental expenditure carries a dual-edged sword, burdened with intricacies that warrant contemplation. On one facet, this surge in disbursements may duly attend to the pressing exigencies of our society, encompassing the realms of healthcare accessibility, the caliber of education bestowed upon our populace, and the augmentation of our social service infrastructure. Nevertheless, this fiscal amplification does not transpire in isolation, inevitably invoking apprehensions about the burgeoning budgetary deficits and the looming specter of national indebtedness. The critical fulcrum lies in the art of harmonizing this augmentation of financial allocations with a prudent and judicious fiscal strategy, a pivotal endeavor to safeguard the bedrock of long-term economic equilibrium.

Impact of US Government Spending on National Debt

The relationship between US Government Spending and the national debt is a complex and crucial aspect of fiscal policy. Understanding the historical debt trends, the ongoing debate on fiscal responsibility, and the controversies surrounding the debt ceiling is vital to grasp the full scope of this issue.

• Historical Debt Trends

Over the years, US Government Spending has contributed significantly to the national debt. Historically, the United States has seen periods of both increased and decreased debt levels. Major factors influencing debt trends include economic downturns, wars, and changes in government spending priorities. Observing these trends offers insights into how government spending can impact the nation's overall debt burden.

• Debate on Fiscal Responsibility

The ramifications of governmental expenditures on national indebtedness lie at the core of a robust and enduring discourse. On one side of the spectrum, proponents posit that augmented disbursements possess the capacity to invigorate economic expansion and tend to critical societal imperatives. Conversely, proponents of fiscal conservatism emphasize the paramountcy of judicious disbursement to preclude inordinate accrual of indebtedness. This contentious dialogue significantly influences policy determinations, with each faction ardently advocating for its distinctive interpretation of fiscal prudence.

• Debt Ceiling Controversies

The statutory constraint known as the debt ceiling, which imposes a cap on the government's capacity to amass debt, has consistently been a source of contention within the United States. When governmental expenditures surpass this threshold, it frequently precipitates political impasses and the potential for government operations to grind to a halt. These disputes underscore the precarious equilibrium between financing imperative governmental initiatives and sustaining a feasible level of national indebtedness.

What are the Major Challenges while Controlling Government Spending?

Controlling government spending is a difficult endeavor that has its own unique set of difficulties. The importance of budget deficits in these issues as well as the demand for practical methods to maintain fiscal responsibility are two important contributing elements.

• Role of Budget Deficits

Budget deficits manifest themselves when the governmental apparatus expends a sum surpassing its fiscal year's revenue intake. These deficits, when unchecked, usher in a precarious escalation of national indebtedness. Below, we delve into the intricacies and quandaries intertwined with budgetary deficits:

• Balancing Priorities: Governments must balance the need to provide essential services and invest in critical infrastructure to maintain a sustainable budget. Choosing which programs to sponsor and how much money to give them requires challenging decision-making.
• Interest Payments: Amidst the burgeoning national debt, exacerbated by persistent budget deficits, the government finds itself compelled to allocate an ever-expanding portion of its financial resources to service the burgeoning interest on this debt. Consequently, this leaves scant leeway for discretionary expenditures, thereby constricting the government's capacity to confront novel challenges or invest in future endeavors.
• Economic Impact: Large and ongoing budget deficits may have detrimental effects on the economy, including higher inflation and higher borrowing costs. Financial markets may become unstable as a result, which could impede economic expansion.

• Strategies for Fiscal Responsibility

To address the challenges posed by government spending, various strategies for fiscal responsibility are employed:

• Balanced Budget Amendment: In certain circles, there is advocacy for the reinstatement of a constitutional amendment mandating an annual equilibrium in the government's fiscal ledger, thereby constraining the latitude for incurring deficits. Nevertheless, detractors posit that such an inflexible stance could impede the government's capacity to counteract economic downturns or unforeseen exigencies.
• Debt Reduction Plans: Administrations may initiate strategies for the improvement of national obligation, aiming to progressively reduce the encumbering fiscal burden over an extended temporal horizon. These schemes often encompass a fusion of fiscal reductions, enlargement of revenue streams, and the sustained exercise of sense in fiscal matters.
• Efficiency Measures: Identifying and eliminating wasteful spending and improving the efficiency of government programs can help control spending without sacrificing essential services.

Conclusion

Throughout the annals of time, the apportionment of governmental resources has undergone a metamorphosis, propelled by the tides of shifting societal exigencies, economic paradigms, and political imperatives. From investments dedicated to the bastion of national security to the realms of healthcare, education, and infrastructure, the coffers of government persistently adapt, harmonizing with the ever-evolving requisites of the American populace. The comprehension of these transmutations endows individuals with the agency to partake in erudite deliberations concerning the destiny of the nation.

The intricacies woven within the tapestry of United States Federal Government Expenditure are extensive and wield substantial influence, palpably impacting the lives of each American denizen. Acknowledging the ceaseless mutation characterizing this fiscal outlay and the pivotal function assumed by well-informed citizens in molding financial priorities accentuates the momentousness of sustained engagement, enlightenment, and civic participation in the democratic ethos. Through such engagement, individuals have the opportunity to contribute to a more receptive and accountable governance, one that effectively addresses the most pressing imperatives of the nation.

FAQs

• How has federal spending changed over time?

Federal spending has evolved significantly over time, influenced by factors like economic conditions, wars, policy changes, and societal needs. It has generally increased to address growing responsibilities and emerging challenges.

• Has federal spending increased or decreased over time?

Federal spending has shown a long-term upward trend, driven by various factors, including inflation, population growth, and expanded government functions.

• How has US government spending changed since 1960?

Since 1960, the US government has significantly expanded spending, encompassing social security, healthcare, defense, and servicing the national debt. This fiscal evolution underscores a commitment to citizen well-being, healthcare access, national security, and managing the growing debt burden.

• What are the 3 main reasons for the steady increase in government spending in the US?

Three main reasons behind the continuous growth of federal government spending are:

• Expanding social programs to address the needs of a growing population, especially in healthcare and retirement.
• Rising defense spending to maintain national security.
• Increased interest payments on the national debt.

• What changes US government spending?

US government spending is influenced by numerous factors, including legislative decisions, economic conditions, population growth, and societal needs.

• What is the fastest-growing component of federal spending?

Healthcare, notably Medicare and Medicaid, constitutes the most rapidly expanding segment of federal spending, driven by escalating healthcare costs and our aging population.

• What are the top three spending categories of the US government?

The top three spending categories of the US government are usually:

• Social Security
• Medicare and Medicaid
• Defense

• Does cutting government spending help the economy?

Adjusting government spending yields a complex impact on the economy, potentially rectifying fiscal imbalances while risking reductions in vital public services and public-sector job losses.

• Is government spending increasing inflation?

Government spending, when it significantly exceeds economic growth, can contribute to inflation. This relationship is intricate and influenced by various factors.

• How does federal spending impact the economy?

Federal spending exerts considerable effect, impacting economic growth, employment, inflation, and stability while addressing crises and funding public services.